Introduction
Instruction is more than just teaching; it focuses on skill development rather than broad education. In the concept of instruction and model, we explore how it can take many forms, such as audio-visual methods or individualized learning. When studying instructional techniques, two key elements emerge: strategy and tactic.
A strategy is a plan. It outlines the structure of a lesson and how students should engage with the learning objectives. Some strategies focus on short-term goals, like single-lesson techniques. Others extend across multiple lessons and evolve as teachers receive feedback from students. Strategies are carefully designed outside of teaching hours, though sometimes new strategies emerge during lessons.
A tactic, on the other hand, refers to a teacher’s actions during a lesson. These behaviors—whether verbal or non-verbal—help execute strategies. They shape student interaction and engagement. Tactics can be as subtle as using silence for effect or as direct as asking guiding questions.
Instruction involves a dynamic relationship between teacher and student. Teachers influence students, but students also influence teachers. Every lesson follows a cycle—observing, diagnosing, and acting. Teachers observe student behavior, diagnose their needs, and adjust their instruction accordingly.
Individualized instruction recognizes that each student is unique. Learning is most effective in a free and supportive environment. A personalized approach considers a student’s needs, abilities, and motivations. This fosters confidence, self-respect, and independence. In modern education, student-centered learning is gaining traction, making teaching more meaningful.
The specific teaching akin to skill training rather than to education in a broader sense is called “instruction“. Maybe audio-visual correspondence, individual, etc. From the observation and analysis of forty-nine tape-recorded lessons, the following operational definitions of strategy and tactic, as these terms apply to instruction, were developed:
Strategy
A strategy is a structured plan that guides teaching. It sets the foundation for lessons and outlines student engagement. Teachers create strategies to align lessons with learning objectives. These plans help organize methods and actions needed to implement instruction. Every strategy is part of a larger educational framework.
Strategies explain why teachers use certain behaviors in class. Some strategies focus on immediate goals. These apply to single lessons and address short-term objectives. Others take more time to develop. These “overtime” strategies continue across multiple lessons. They adapt to student progress and help build deeper understanding. Teachers use both types depending on the needs of their students.
Strategies are flexible. They can change, evolve, or even be replaced during instruction. Teachers constantly observe student responses and adjust their approach. Feedback helps refine teaching methods. Some students may learn faster, while others need extra support. A well-planned strategy adapts to the unique readiness of each class.
Although teachers plan strategies before lessons, they often refine them while teaching. Classroom interactions provide new insights. Observing student engagement gives teachers ideas for future strategies. This process of reflection and adaptation enhances instruction.
Strategic planning is an ongoing process. Teachers constantly assess and improve their methods. A strong strategy fosters engagement, encourages learning, and improves outcomes. It ensures lessons remain effective and responsive to student needs. Teaching is never static. It evolves with each interaction and each lesson. By adapting strategies, teachers create a dynamic and meaningful learning experience.
Tactic
Definition of Tactic
A tactic is a teacher’s action that supports a strategy. It directly affects how students engage in a lesson. Every tactic serves a goal, shaping student behavior and interaction with the subject matter. Teachers use tactics to guide learning, adjust instruction, and create meaningful experiences in the classroom.
Types of Tactics
Tactics can take many forms. Some are subtle, like using silence to encourage thinking. Others involve direct engagement, such as asking a question or giving a statement. A tactic can also be a mix of verbal and non-verbal actions, blended with student responses.
Adaptation of Tactics
Teachers adjust tactics as lessons unfold. They observe students, interpret their reactions, and modify their approach. A well-placed tactic can shift student focus, increase participation, or clarify a concept. Effective tactics create a dynamic learning environment where students feel engaged and challenged.
Flexibility in Teaching
Tactics are flexible. They change depending on the strategy, student needs, and classroom dynamics. Teachers adapt moment by moment, using different techniques to support instruction. These choices define the learning experience and help students grasp concepts in a deeper way.
Importance of Tactics
Teaching is not just about delivering information. It is about interaction, guidance, and response. A thoughtful tactic makes a lesson more engaging and meaningful. It turns passive learning into active participation, helping students connect with the material in a way that sticks.
Model of Instruction
Teaching is a dynamic process. A teacher does not just guide students; students also influence the teacher. The teacher observes students, evaluates their responses, and adjusts instruction accordingly. This interaction forms a continuous cycle. Instructional behavior follows three key steps—observing, diagnosing, and acting.
Teacher as an Influencer and Observer
A teacher’s behavior affects students, but student behavior also shapes the teacher’s approach. Effective instruction requires constant observation and analysis. The teacher must recognize how students respond and adapt accordingly. By considering both influence and observation, teachers create more effective learning experiences.
How is the concept of instruction defined in education?
Which models of instruction are commonly used?
Why are instructional models important in teaching?
Where can instructional models be applied in online learning?
Which elements make up an instructional model?
Why are instructional models important in curriculum planning?
Key Aspects of Instruction
1. Teacher Planning
Planning is a crucial first step in teaching. The teacher designs lessons based on knowledge of the students, curriculum, and classroom environment. Planning also includes setting goals and determining methods to engage students. The teacher initiates learning by creating a focus for discussion and activities.
2. Observation and Diagnosis
Teachers continuously observe students throughout a lesson. They analyze student behavior, interpret reactions, and assess understanding. Prior experiences, classroom dynamics, and student engagement all play a role. By diagnosing learning needs, teachers determine necessary adjustments.
3. Adapting Instruction Based on Observations
A teacher’s behavior is not fixed. It evolves based on student responses and learning progress. Observations and interpretations guide modifications in teaching strategies. When a teacher notices gaps in understanding, they adjust tactics to encourage further learning. A successful teaching approach stimulates student engagement and participation.
